Archaeologists have discovered a large prehistoric cave containing the bones of extinct hippopotamuses and rare evidence of early human activity beneath Pembroke Castle in Wales. This “once-in-a-lifetime discovery,” announced by researchers from the University of Aberdeen, has the potential to reshape understanding of ancient life in Britain.
The cave, known as Wogan Cavern, is accessed via a spiral staircase from the 11th-century fortress, which was the birthplace of Henry Tudor. Previously thought to have been emptied out during Victorian times, it is now described as “one of the most important prehistoric archives in Britain.”
Excavations have already revealed fossils of hippopotamus bones dating back around 120,000 years to the last interglacial period, alongside remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, and wild horse. These findings are accompanied by stone tools indicating human occupation during multiple periods.
Research leader Rob Dinnis highlighted that the site contains “extremely rare evidence for early Homo sapiens” dating between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, and possibly even traces of Neanderthal occupation, which would predate modern humans’ presence.
The ongoing five-year archaeological project aims to resume large-scale excavation in May, with hopes to deepen understanding of past climates, extinct species, and the various prehistoric communities that inhabited the cave. The well-preserved bones and artifacts offer archaeologists exceptional opportunities to apply modern scientific techniques to reconstruct ancient ecosystems and human activity.
Castle manager Jon Williams emphasized the discovery adds significant historical depth to Pembroke Castle, enhancing its identity as both a medieval landmark and a site of critical prehistoric importance.
Why it matters
The discovery at Wogan Cavern provides essential evidence of early human presence in Britain, including some of the earliest Homo sapiens remains and possible Neanderthal occupation. It also expands knowledge of the region’s prehistoric fauna, documenting now-extinct species such as hippopotamuses in Wales. These insights could clarify human migration patterns and environmental changes during and after the last Ice Age.
Background
Previous small-scale digs at Pembroke Castle uncovered bones of Ice Age mammals and stone tools, indicating intermittent habitation dating back tens of thousands of years. Recent advances in archaeology and environmental science have improved the ability to date and analyze such finds, making sites like Wogan Cavern critical to unraveling Britain’s deep prehistoric past.
International research in recent years has pushed back the timeline of Homo sapiens origins and interactions with other hominin species such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, further highlighting the importance of sites that preserve layered evidence of ancient life.
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